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Picture Caption: Golgi-stained neuron from canary HVC (a song-production brain area) Research/Long description: A neuron from HVC in a canary. This brain area is involved in song learning and production. Information (ultimately auditory) comes to each of the thorn-like projections (synapses) off the thicker branches (dendrites) of this cell, and is transmitted to other cells (including motor cells) via the smooth thread-like projection from the cell body (axon). Birds prevented from learning a song having fewer spine synapses than normally reared birds. There is no significant way in which the appearance or action of this cell differs from a human neuron. Contributed by: Timothy J. DeVoogd

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A convict cichlid male (left) and female (right) pair providing care for their offspring. These monogamous fish have a specific parental division of labor with males defending territories and protecting offspring from intruders while females provide direct offspring care. These fish will combine their efforts to raise their offspring to independence. We test the neural phenotype with regards to neuropeptides of single and paired individuals, as well as these neuropeptides effects on their parental care ability.

Shown here is a male beaugregory damselfish courting a female who is in a bottle. Males are given territories made of PVC piping (artificial nest sites) which are considered high-quality nests by males and females. Males on these sites dramatically increase their reproduction, courtship, and aggression levels over males on natural nest sites. We test the effects of neuropeptides on these behaviors as well as the male's vocalizations.

This shows a 3rd instar larvae that has been dissected to show the musculature and the nervous system. The two white circles are the brain lobes, and the oval below it is the ganglion, where all the axons reach out to innervate muscles.

During the spring and summer, midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) migrate from deep waters offshore to spawn in nests in the intertidal zone along the Pacific coast of North America. Females use the male advertisement call (ÏhumÓ) to find a maleÌs nest in the rocky intertidal zone. Shown here are newly hatched midshipman embryos (about 10 Ò14 days old, about 0.8-1.0 cm length), each attached to the surface of a small rock by an adhesive disk on the bottom surface of their yolk sac Contributed by: Andrew H. Bass

The pressures of evolution have maximized the brain's processing speed and metabolic efficiency. Therefore, to understand why neurons in early visual cortex respond to specific visual patterns, you simply have to learn an appropriate efficient code. Here, we used independent components analysis (ICA) on a series of whitened image patches taken from pictures of natural scenes - rocks, trees, fields... For each filter, the "neuron" will fire if the image is bright on the bright spots and dark on the dark spots (more precisely, it's a linear filter). Some of these resemble simple cells in early visual cortex, as they have a characteristic oriented bright/dark pattern (like 2-D gabor functions, to be more precise). The idea is that the more filters derived from an efficient coding of natural scenes resemble those of neurons in early visual cortex, the better we understand how the brain processes visual input. For a more thorough understanding please visit http://emva.net/educational/introduction.html Contributed by: Mark V. Albert

Please report corrections, questions, comments, and problems to: Lori Miller (lmm8 AT cornell.edu)